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Lower Back Pain

Overview

Lower back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek physiotherapy. It can develop suddenly after lifting or twisting, or gradually over time due to posture, repetitive movements or reduced physical activity. While most cases improve with the right management, persistent pain can affect work, exercise and everyday life.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause and may include:

  • A dull ache or sharp pain in the lower back
  • Stiffness or reduced mobility
  • Pain when bending, lifting or standing for long periods
  • Muscle spasms
  • Pain that may spread into the hips or buttocks
  • Difficulty with everyday activities such as getting out of bed or putting on shoes

Causes

Lower back pain can result from many different factors, including:

  • Muscle or ligament strain
  • Poor posture or prolonged sitting
  • Repetitive lifting or bending
  • Sports or workplace injuries
  • Age-related changes to the spine
  • Reduced strength or flexibility
  • Previous back injuries

Assessment

Your physiotherapist will begin with a detailed assessment to understand your symptoms, medical history and goals. This may include:

  • Discussion of your symptoms and lifestyle
  • Assessment of posture and movement
  • Range of motion testing
  • Strength and flexibility assessment
  • Neurological testing where appropriate

If further investigation is required, your physiotherapist may recommend referral for imaging or to another healthcare professional.

Treatment Options

Treatment is tailored to your individual needs and may include:

  • Hands-on manual therapy
  • Personalised exercise programs
  • Strength and mobility training
  • Postural and ergonomic advice
  • Education about pain management and recovery
  • Return-to-work or return-to-sport planning

The aim is not only to reduce pain but to improve movement and help prevent future episodes.

When to Seek Professional Advice

You should seek professional assessment if:

  • Your pain lasts longer than a few days or continues to worsen.
  • The pain is affecting your work, sleep or daily activities.
  • You experience recurring episodes of back pain.
  • The pain follows an injury or accident.
  • You develop numbness, weakness, changes in bladder or bowel function, or severe pain. These symptoms require urgent medical assessment.

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